Marine Debris 101Marine Debris
Scientific References

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | XYZ | Non-peer reviewed literature (U.S.) | Non-Peer Reviewed Literature (International/Worldwide)

A

Abu-Hilal, A. H. and T. Al-Najjar. 2004. Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea). Marine Environmental Research 58, pp. 39-63

Acha, E. M., H. W. Mianzan, O. Iribarne, D. A. Gagliardini, C. Lasta, and P. Daleo. 2003. The Role of the Rio de la Plata bottom salinity front in accumulating debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 46, pp. 197-202

Aliani, S. and A. Molcard. 2003. Hitch-hiking on floating marine debris: macrobenthic species in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia 503: pp. 59-67

Aliani, S., A. Griffa and A. Molcard. 2003. Floating debris in the Ligurian Sea, northwestern Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 46, pp. 1142-1149

Al-Masroori, H., H. Al-Oufi, J. L. McIlwain and E. McLean. 2004. Catches of lost fish traps (ghost fishing) from fishing grounds near Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Fisheries Research, Vol. 69, pp. 407-414

Arnould, J. P. Y. and J. R. Croxall. 1995. Trends in entanglement of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazelia) in man-made debris at South Georgia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30 No. 11, pp. 707-712

Ayaz, Adam, Deniz Acarli, Ugur Altinagac, Ugur Ozekinci, Ali Kara, and Ozcan Ozen. 2006. Ghost Fishing by monofilament and multifilament gillnets in Izmir Bay, Turkey. Fisheries Research 79, pp. 267-271.

Azzarello, M. Y. and F. S. Van Vleet. 1987. Marine birds and plastic pellets. Marine Ecology Progress Series Vol. 37, No. 2-3 pp. 295-303

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B

Backhurst, M. K. and R. G. Cole. 2000. Subtidal benthic marine litter at Kawau Island, north- eastern New Zealand. Journal of Environmental Managemen 60, pp. 227-237

Baird, R. W., and S. K. Hooker. 2000. Ingestion of Plastic and Unusual Prey by a Juvenile Harbour Porpoise. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 8, pp. 719-720

Balas, C. E., A. T. Williams, S. L. Simmons and A. Ergin. 2001. A Statistical Riverine Litter Propagation Model. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 1169-1176

Baltz, D. M. and G. V. Morejohn. 1976. Evidence from seabirds of plastic particle pollution off Central California. West. Birds 7, pp. 111-112

Barnes, D. K. A. 2002. Invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416, pp. 808-809

Barnes. 2002b. Human rubbish assists alien invasions of seas. Directions in Science 1: pp. 107-112

Barnes, D. K. A. and P. P. Keiron. 2003. Rafting by five phyla on man-made flotsam in the Southern Ocean. Marine Ecological Progress Series 262, pp. 289-291

Barnes D. K. A. and R. Milner. 2005. Drifting plastic and its consequences for sessile organism dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology 146: pp. 815- 825

Barnes D. K. A., N. L. Warren, K. Webb, B. Phalan and K. Reid. 2004. Polar pedunculate barnacles piggy-back on Pycnogona, penguins, pinniped seals and plastics. Marine Ecology Progress Series 284, pp. 305-310

Barreiros, J. P. and J. Barcelos. 2001. Plastic Ingestion by a Leatherback Turtle Demochelys coriacea from the Azores (NE Atlantic). Marine Science Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 1196-1197

Bean, M. J. 1987. Legal strategies for reducing persistent plastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6B, pp. 357-360

Beck, C. A., and N. B. Barros. 1991. The Impact of Debris on the Florida Manatee. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 508-510

Bjorndal, K. A., A. B. Bolten and C. J. Lagueux. 1994. Ingestion of Marine Debris by Juvenile Sea Turtles in Coastal Florida Habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 154-158

Blight, L. K. and A. E. Burger. 1997. Occurrence of Plastic Particles in Seabirds from the Eastern North Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 34, pp. 323-325

Boland R. C. and M. J. Donohue. 2003. Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 46, pp. 1385-1394

Boren, L. J., M. Morrissey, C. G. Muller and N. J. Gemmell. 2006. Entanglement of New Zealand fur seals in man-made debris at Kaikoura, New Zealand. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 52, pp. 442-446.

Bourne, W. R. P. and M. J. Imber. 1982. Plastic pellets collected by a prion on Gough Island, Central South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 13, No.1, pp. 20-21

Bowman, D., N. Manor-Samsonov and A. Golik. 1998. Dynamics of litter pollution on Israeli Mediterranean beaches: a budgetary, litter flux approach. Journal of Coastal Research 14, pp. 418-432

Bugoni, L., L. Krause and M. V. Petry. 2001. Marine Debris and Human Impacts on Sea Turtles in Southern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1330-1334

Bullimore, B. A., P. B. Newman, M. J. Kaiser, S. E. Gilbert and K. M. Lock. 2001. A study of catches in a fleet of "ghost fishing" pots. Fish. Bull. 99: pp. 247-253

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C

Cadee, G. C. 2002. Seabirds and floating plastic debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 44, pp. 1294-295

Carpenter, E. J. and K. L. Smith, Jr. 1972. Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Science 175, pp. 1240-1241

Carpenter, E. J. 1972. Polystyrene spherules in coastal waters. Science 178, pp. 749-750

Carr, Archie. 1987. Impact of Nondegradable Marine Debris on the Ecology and Survival Outlook of Sea Turtles. Marine Science Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6B, pp. 352-356

Chiappone, M., A. White, D. W. Swanson and S. L. Miller. 2002. Occurrence and biological impacts of fishing gear and other marine debris in the Florida Keys. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 44, pp. 597-604

Claereboudt, M. R. 2004. Shore litter along sandy beaches of the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 49, pp. 770-777

Clapham P.J., S. B. Young and J. R. Brownell. 1999. Baleen whales: conservation issues and the status of the most endangered populations. Mammal Review 29: 35-60

Cliff, G., S. F. J. Dudley, P. G. Ryan and N. Singleton. 2002. Large sharks and plastic debris in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Marine and Freshwater Research 53: pp. 575-581

Colton, J. B., F. D. Knapp and B. R. Burns. 1974. Plastic particles in surface water of the northwestern Atlantic. Science 185: pp. 491-497

Connors, P. G. and K. G. Smith. 1982. Oceanic plastic particle pollution: suspected effect on fat deposition on red phalaropes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 18-20

Convey, R., D. K. A. Barnes and A. Morton. 2002. Debris accumulation on oceanic island shores of the Scotia Arc, Antarctica. Polar Biology. 25: pp. 612-617

Copello, S. and F. Quintana. 2003. Marine debris ingestion by Southern Giant Petrels and its potential relationships with fisheries in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 46, pp. 1504-1515

Corbin, C. J. and J. G. Singh. 1993. Marine debris contamination of beaches in St. Lucia and Dominica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 26, pp. 325-328

Cruz, G. A., V. Lopez and C. Sosa. 1990. Pollution by solid wastes carried by marine currents to the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Revista de Biologia Tropical 38 (2A), pp. 339-342

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D

Dameron, O., M. Parke, M. Albins, R. Brainard. 2007. Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 54, pp. 423-433

Daniel, P., G. G. Jan, F. Cabioch, Y. Landau and E. Loiseau. 2002. Drift Modeling of Cargo Containers. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 5-6, pp. 279-288

Day, R. H. and D. G. Shaw. 1987. Patterns in the abundance of pelagic plastic and tar in the North Pacific Ocean, 1976 - 1985. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, pp. 311-316

Debrot, A. O., A. B. Tiel and J.E. Bradshaw. 1999. Beach Debris in Curacao. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 795-801

Derraik, J. G. B. 2002. The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol, 44, pp. 842-852

Dixon, T. R. and A. J. Cooke. 1977. Discarded containers on a Kent Beach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 8, pp. 105-109

Dixon, T. R. and T. J. Dixon. 1981. Marine litter surveillance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 12, pp. 289-295

Dixon, T. R. and T. J. Dixon. 1983. Marine litter distribution and composition in the North Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 14, pp. 145-148

Donohue, M. J. 2003. How multi-agency partnerships can successfully address large-scale pollution problems: a Hawaii case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 46, pp. 700-702

Donahue, M. J. 2005. Eastern Pacific Ocean Source of Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine Debris Supported by Errant Fish Aggregating Device. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 886-888

Donohue, M. J, R. C. Boland, C. M. Sramek, and G. A. Antonelis. 2001. Derelict Fishing Gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving Surveys and Debris Removal in 1999 Confirmed Threat to Coral Reef Ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1301-1312

Donohue, M. and D. Foley. 2007. Remote sensing reveals links among the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, marine debris, and El Nino. Marine Mammal Science 23(2):468-473.

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E

Edyvane, K. S., A. Dalgetty, P. W. Hone, J. S. Higham and N. M. Wace. 2004. Long-term Marine Litter Monitoring in the Remote Great Australian Bight, South Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 48, pp. 1060-1075

Endo, S., R. Takizawa, K. Okuda, H. Takada, K. Chiba, H. Kanehiro, H. Ogi, R. Yamashita and T. Date. 2005. Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Beached Resin Pellets: Variability Among Individual Particles and Regional Differences. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 1103-1114

Eriksson, C. and H. Burton. 2003. Origins and biological accumulation of small plastic particles in fur seals from Macquarie Island. Ambio 32 (6): pp. 380-384

Evans, S. M., M. Dawson, J. Day, C. L. J. Frid, M. E. Gill, L. A. Pattisina and J. Porter. 1995. Domestic waste and TBT pollution in coastal areas of Ambon Island (eastern Indonesia). Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, pp. 109-115

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F

Fan, Z. 1997. The monitoring methods of the drifting debris in the marine environment. Marine Environmental Science, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 42-45

Fowler, C. W. 1987. Marine debris and northern fur seals: a case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, pp. 326-335

Frost, A. and M. Cullen. 1997. Marine debris on Northern New South Wales beaches (Australia): sources and the role of beach usage. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 348-352

Fry, D. M., S. I. Fefer and L. Sileo. 1987. Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan albatrosses and wedge-tail shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, pp. 339-343

Furness, R. W. 1985. Plastic particle pollution: accumulation by procellariiform seabirds at Soottish Colonies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 103-106

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G

Gabrielides, G. P., A. Golik, L. Loizides, M. G. Marino, F. Bingel and M. V. Torregrossa. 1991. Man-made garbage pollution on the Mediterranean coastline. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 23, pp. 437-441

Galgani, F., T. Burgeot, G. Bocquene, F. Vincent, J. P. Leaute, J. Labastie, A. Forest and R. Guichet. 1995a. Distribution and abundance of debris on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscaye and in the Seine Bay. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, pp. 58-62

Galgani, F., S. Jaunet, A. Campillo, X. Guenegen and E. His. 1995. Distribution and Abundance of Debris on the Continental Shelf of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 713-717

Galgani, F., J. P. Leaute, P. Moguedet, A. Souplet, Y. Verin, A. Carpentier, H. Goraguer, D. Latrouite, B. Andral, Y. Cadiou, J. C. Mahe, J. C. Poulard and P. Nerisson. 2000. Litter on the Sea Floor Along European Coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No 6, pp. 516-527

Galil, B. S., A. Golik and M. Turkay. 1995. Litter at the Bottom of the Sea: A Sea Bed Survey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 22-24

Garrity, S. D. and S. C. Levings. 1993. Marine Debris Along the Caribbean Coast of Panama. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 6. pp. 317-324

Goldberg, E. D. 1997. Plasticizing the seafloor: An overview. Environmental Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 195-201

Golik, A. and Y. Gertner. 1992. Litter on the Israeli coastline. Marine Environmental Research Vol. 33, pp. 1-15

Gregory, M. R. 1977. Plastic pellets on New Zealand beaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 8, pp. 82-84

Gregory, M. R. 1978. Accumulation and distribution of virgin plastic granules on New Zealand beaches. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 12: pp. 399-414

Gregory, M. R. 1983. Virgin plastic granules on some beaches of eastern Canada and Bermuda. Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 10, pp. 73-92

Gregory, M. R. 1991. The hazards of persistent marine pollution: Drift plastics and conservation islands. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol. 21, pp. 83-100

Gregory, M. R. 1996. Plastic `scrubbers' in hand cleansers: a further (and minor) source for marine pollution identified. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, pp. 867-871

Gregory, M. R. 1999. Plastics and South Pacific island shores: environmental implications. Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 42, No. 6-7, pp. 603-615

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H

Hanni, K. D. and P. Pyle. 2000. Entanglement of pinnipeds in synthetic materials at south-east Farallon Island, California. 1976-1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 12, pp. 1076-1081

Haynes, D. 1997. Marine debris on continental islands and sand cays in the far northern section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Austria. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 276-279

Hays, H. and G. Cormons. 1974. Plastic particles round in tern pellets, on coastal beaches, and at factory sites. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 5, pp. 44-46

Hebert, G. M., M. Moriyasu, R. Vienneau and P. DeGrace. 2001. Efficiency and ghost fishing of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) traps in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fisheries Research, 52, pp. 143-153

Henderson, J. R. 2001. A Pre- and Post-MARPOL Annex V Summary of Hawaiian Monk Seal Entanglements and Marine Debris Accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1982-1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 584-589

Hess, N. A., C. A. Ribic, and I. Vining. 1999. Benthic Marine Debris, with an Emphasis on Fishery-Related Items, Surrounding Kodiak Island, Alaska, 1994-1996. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 885-890

Humborstad, O. B., S. Lokkeborg, N. R. Hareide and D. M. Furevik. 2003. Catches of Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in deepwater ghost-fishing gillnets on the Norwegian continental slope. Fisheries Research 64, pp. 163-170

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J

Jones, M. M. 1995. Fishing debris in the Australian marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 25-33

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K

Karapanagiotti, H. K. and I. Klontza. 2007. Investigating the properties of plastic resin pellets found in the coastal areas of Levos Island. Global NEST Journal, (1): pp. 71-76.

Kartar, S., R. A. Milne, and M. Sainsury. 1973. Polystyrene waste in the seven Estuaries United Kingdom. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 4, pp. 144

Katsanevakis, S. and A. Katsarou. 2004. Influences on the distribution of marine debris on the seafloor of shallow coastal areas in Greece (Eastern Mediterranean). Water, Air and Soil Pollution 159: pp. 325-337

Khordagui, H. K. and A. H. Abu-Hilal. 1994. Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and western beaches of the Gulf of Oman. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 325-327

Kubota M., K. Takayama and D. Namimoto. 2005. Pleading for the use of biodegradable polymers in favour of marine environments and to avoid an asbestos-like problem for the future. Appi. Microbiol. Biotechno. 67: pp. 469-476

Kusui, T. and M. Noda. 2003. International Survey on the Distribution of Stranded and Buried Litter on Beaches along the Sea of Japan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 47, pp. 175-179

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L

Laist, D. W. 1987. Overview of the Biological Effects of Lost and Discarded Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6B, pp. 319-326

Lattin, G. L., C. J. Moore, A. F. Zellers, S. L. Moore and S. B. Weisberg. 2004. A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton at different depths near the southern California shore. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 49, pp. 291-294

Lecke-Mitchell, Karen M. and Keith Mullin. 1992. Distribution and Abundance of Large Floating Plastic in the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 598-601

Lecke-Mitchell, K. M. and K. Mullin. 1997. Floating Marine Debris in the US Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 9, pp. 702-705

Lee, Dae-In, Hyeon-Seo Cho, Sun-Beom Jeong. 2006. Distribution Characteristics of Marine Litter on the Sea Bed of the East China Seas and the South Sea of Korea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, pp. 1-8.

Lentz, S. A. 1987. Plastics in the Marine Environment: Legal Approaches for International Action. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6b, pp. 361-365

Lucas, Z. 1992. Monitoring persistent litter in the marine environment on Sable Island. Nova Scotia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 24, pp. 192-199

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M

Madzena, A. and T. Lasiak. 1997. Spatial and temporal variations in beach litter on the Transkei Coast of South Africa. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 11, pp. 900-907

Mai, B. 2003. Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Coastal Region of Macao, China: Assessment of Input Sources and Transport Pathways Using Compositional Analysis. Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 37, pp. 4855-4863

Mallory, M. L., G. J. Robertson, and A. Moenting. 2006. Marine plastic debris in northern fulmars from Davis Strait, Nunavut, Canada. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 52, pp. 800-815

Mascarenhas, R., R. Santos and D. Zeppelini. 2004. Plastic debris ingestion by sea turtle in Paraiba, Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 49, pp. 354-355

Maso, M., E. Garces, F. Pages and J. Camp. 2003. Drifting plastic debris as a potential vector for dispersing Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species. Scientia Marina 67 (1): pp. 107-110

Mato, Y., T. Isobe, H. Takada, H. Kanehiro, H., C. Ohtake and T. Kaminuma. 2001. Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environment Science and Technology 35: pp. 318-324

Matsuoka, T., T. Nakashima and N. Nagasawa. 2005. A review of ghost fishing: scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions. Fisheries Science 71: 691-702 pp

McCoy, F. W. 1988. Floating Megalitter in the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 25-28

McDermid, K., J., and T. L. McMullen. 2004. Quantitative Analysis of Small-plastic Debris on Beaches in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 48, pp. 790-794

Minchin, D. 1996. Tar pellets and plastics as attachment surfaces for Lepadid cirripedes in the North Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, pp. 855-859

Moore, S. L. and M. J. Allen. 2000. Distribution of anthropogenic and natural debris on the mainland shelf of the Southern California Bight. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40,
pp. 83-88

Moore, C. J., S. L Moore, S. B. Weisberg, G. Lattin, G. and A. Zellers. 2002. A comparison of neustonic plastic and zooplankton abundance in southern California's coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 44, pp. 1035-1038

Moore, C. J., S. L. Moore, M. K. Leecaster and S. B. Weisberg. 2001. A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, pp. 1297-1300

Moore, S. L., D. Gregorio, M. Carreon, M. K. Leecaster and S. B. Weisberg. 2001. Composition and Distribution of Beach Debris in Orange County, California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, pp. 241-245

Morishige, C., M. Donohue, E. Flint, C. Swenson, and C. Woolaway. 2007. Factors affecting marine debris deposition at French Frigate Shoals, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument, 1990-2002. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 1162-1169.

Morrison, R. J. and J. R. Delaney. 1996. Marine pollution in the Arafura and Timor Seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 327-334

Morton, Brian. 2005. Fishing perturbations and beached corals in the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Honk Kong (2000-2002) and a summary of data obtained from January 1996 to March 2003. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 50, pp. 1273-1286

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N

Nagelkerken, I., G. A. M. T Wiltjer, A. O. Debrot and L. P. J. J. Pors. 2001. Baseline Study of Submerged Marine Debris at Beaches in Curacao, West Indies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 42, pp. 786-789

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O

Oros, J., A. Torrent, P. Calabuig and S. Deniz. 2005. Diseases and causes of mortality among sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands, Spain (1998-2001). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 63(1): pp. 13-24

Otley, H. and R. Ingham. 2003. Marine debris surveys at Volunteer Beach., Falkland Islands, during the summer of 2001/02. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 46, pp. 1534-1539

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P

Page, B., J. McKenzie, R. McIntosh, B. Alastair, A. Morrissey, A. Calvert, N. Haase T. Berris, M. Dowie, D. Shaughnessy, P. D., Goldsworthy and D. Simon. 2004. Entanglement of Australian Sea Lions and New Zealand Fur Seals in Lost Fishing Gear and other Marine Debris before and after Government and Industry Attempts to Reduce the Problem.
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 49, pp. 33-42

Pawson, M. G. 2003.The catching capacity of lost static fishing gears: introduction. 2003. Fisheries Research Vol. 64, pp. 101-105

Pearce, J. B. 1992. Marine Vessel Debris: A north American Perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp 586-592

Pemberton, D., N. P. Broters and R. Kirkwood. 1992. Marine vessel debris - a North American perspective. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 24, pp. 586-592

Pichel, W., J. Churnside, T. Veenstra, D. Foley, K. Friedman, R. Brainard, J. Nicoll, Q. Zheng, and P. Clemente-Colon. 2007. Marine debris collects within the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 1207-1211

Podoisky, R. H. and S. W. Kress. 1989. Plastic debris incorporated into double-creasted cormorant nests in the Gulf of Maine. J. Field Ornithol. 60 (2): pp. 248-250

Pruter, A. T. 1987. Sources, quantities, and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 6B, pp. 305-310

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R

Reddy, M. S., S. Basha, S. Adimurthy, and G. Ramachandraiah. 2006. Description of the small plastic fragments in marine sediments along the Alang-Sosiya ship-breaking yard, India. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Science, Vol. 68, pp. 656-600

Redford, D. P., W. R. Trulli and H. K. Trulli. 1992. Composition of floating debris in the harbors of the United States. Chemistry and Ecology 7, pp. 75-92

Rees, G. and K. Pond. 1985. Marine litter monitoring programmes - A review of methods with special reference to national surveys. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 103-108

Ribic, C. A. 1998. Use of Indicator Items to Monitor Marine Debris on a New Jersey Beach from 1991 to 1996. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 887-891

Ribic, C. A. and L. M. Ganio. 1996. Power analysis for beach surveys of marine debris. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 554-557

Robards, M. D., J. F. Platt and K. D. Wohl. 1985. Increasing frequency of plastic particle ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 151-157

Ross, J. B., R. Parker and M. Strickland. 1991. A survey of shoreline litter in Halifax Harbour 1989. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 22, pp. 245-248

Ruus, A., N. W. Green, A. Maage, and J. Skei. 2006. PCB-containing paint and plaster caused extreme PCB-concentrations in biota from the Sorfjord (Western Norway) - A case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 52, pp. 100-103

Ryan, P. G. 1987a. The effects of ingested plastic on seabirds: correlations between plastic load and body condition. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 46, pp. 119-125

Ryan, P. G. 1987b. The incidence and characteristics of plastic particles ingested by seabirds. Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 23, pp. 175-206

Ryan, P. G. 1988(a). Effects of ingested plastic on seabird feeding: Evidence from chickens. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 19(3) pp. 125-128

Ryan, P. G. and S. Jackson. 1987. The lifespan of ingested plastic particles in seabirds and their effect on digestive efficiency. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 217-219

Ryan, P. G., A. D. Connell and B. D. Gardner. 1988. Plastic ingestion and PCBs in seabirds: Is there a relationship? Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 19, pp. 174-176

Ryan, P. G. 1988b. The characteristics and distribution of plastic particles at the sea-surface off the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 15, pp. 249-273

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S

Sancho, G., E. Puente, A. Bilbao, E. Gomez and L. Arregi. 2003. Catch rates of monkfish (Lophius spp.) by lost tangle nets in the Cantabrian Sea (northern Spain). Fisheries Research 64, pp. 129-139

Santos, I. R., A. C. Friedrich and F. P. Barretto. 2005. Overseas garbage pollution on beaches of northeast Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 50, pp. 778-786

Santos, I. R., A. C. Friedrich, M. Wallner-Kersanach and G. Fillman. 2005. Influence of socio- economic characteristics of beach users on litter generation. Ocean and Coastal Management 48, pp. 742-752

Santos, M. N., H. J. Saldanha, M. B. Gaspar, and C. C. Monteiro. 2003. Hake (Merluccius merluccius L., 1758) ghost fishing by gill nets off the Algarve (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research 64, pp. 119-128

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Non-Peer Reviewed Literature (U.S.)

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GESAMP. 1997. Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. GESAMP reports and studies No. 58. 84 pp

GESAMP. 2001. Protecting the Oceans from Land-based Activities. GESAMP Reports and Studies no 71. UNEP 2001

Golik, A. 1997. Debris in the Mediterranean Sea: types, quantities, and behavior. In J. M. Coe and D. B. Rogers (eds), Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions. Springer-Verlag. New York, NY, pp. 7-14

Greenpeace. 2006. Plastic Debris in the World’s Oceans.

Hareide N-R., G. Garnes, D. Rihan, M. Mulligan M, P. Tyndall, M. Clark, P. Connolly P, R. Misund, R. McMullen, D. Furevik, O. B. Humborstad, K. Hoydal and T. Blasdale. 2005. A preliminary investigation on shelf edge and deepwater fixed net fisheries to the west and north of Great Britain, Ireland, and Rockall and Hatton Batik. Presented at the ICES Annual Science Conference, 20-24 September, 2005, in Aberdeen, U.K

HELMEPA-LIFE. 1997. Integrated demonstration scheme for solid waste management, recycling and investigation for waste on unspoiled, non-developed beaches. Final Report, Athens

HELMEPA-MEDSPA. 1991. Public Awareness Campaign for the Abatement of Pollution by Litter of the Greek coasts and Seas. Final Report. Athens

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Kiessling, I. 2003. Finding solutions: Derelict fishing gear and other marine debris in Northern Australia. National Oceans Office

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Sheavly, S. B. 2005. Marine Debris - an Overview of a Critical Issue for Our Oceans. Paper Presented at the "Sixth Meeting of the UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans & the Law of the Sea." June 6-10, 2005. New York, NY. 7 pp

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